Những điều bạn chưa biết về loài Chuột nhà

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Chuột nhắt nhà

Chuột nhắt nhà là loài gặm nhấm có kích thước nhỏ và là một trong số những loài có số lượng lớn nhất của chi Mus. Chuột nhắt chủ yếu sống gần con người và gây hại mùa màng cũng như lương thực, thực phẩm bảo quản. Chuột nhắt cũng đã được thuần hóa làm chuột cảnh và chuột thí nghiệm. Chúng là loài động vật phổ biến nhất được sử dụng trong các phòng thì nghiệm kĩ thuật di truyền.

Đặc điểm về loài Chuột

Chuột trưởng thành có chiều dài cơ thể (tính từ mũi đến gốc đuôi) là 7,5 – 10 cm (3,0 – 3,9 in) và chiều dài đuôi là 5 – 19 cm (2,0 – 3,9 in). Khối lượng cơ thể chúng vào khoảng 10 – 25g. Bộ lông chuột nhà có thể từ trắng đến xám, nâu nhạt, đen. Lông chuột ngắn, ở tai và đuôi thì ít lông hơn. Chân sau của chuột khá ngắn, cỡ khoảng 15 – 19 mm; sải chân bình thường khi chạy đạt 4,5 cm. Tuy nhiên chúng có thể nhảy cao đến 45 cm. Chuột nhắt lớn nhanh khi sống gần nhà ở của người và trên các cánh đồng nông nghiệp.

Chuột đực và cái khó phân biệt khi còn non. Cũng như người, khoảng cách từ hậu môn đến bộ phận sinh dục trên chuột cái nhỏ hơn đáng kể. Chuột cái có 5 đôi vú và tuyến sữa còn chuột đực không có vú.

Khi trưởng thành về mặt sinh dục, sự khác biệt nổi bật và rõ ràng nhất là sự hiện diện của tinh hoàn con đực. Tinh hoàn chuột đực khá lớn so với phần còn lại của cơ thể và có thể được rút vào bên trong cơ thể. Ngoài ức bằng hạt đậu ở ngực, chuột nhà còn có ức thứ hai bằng đầu kim ở cổ bên cạnh khí quản.

chuột
bẫy chuột

Tập tính loài chuột

Chuột nhà thường đứng, đi hoặc chạy bằng cả bốn chân, nhưng khi ăn, khi đánh nhau hoặc khi cần định hướng thì chúng chỉ đứng trên hai chân sau, có đuôi hỗ trợ. Khi chạy, đuôi chuột nằm ngang để tạo cân bằng; đoạn cuối của đuôi dựng đứng, trừ khi nó thấy sợ hãi điều gì. Chuột nhà giỏi nhảy, leo trèo và bơi lội.

Chuột chủ yếu hoạt động ban đêm, kể cả lúc hoàng hôn, chúng không thích ánh sáng chói. Ổ chuột thường gần nguồn thực phẩm và được làm từ các vật liệu mềm. Những con chuột đực khỏe mạnh thường chiếm một lãnh thổ riêng, chúng sống cùng với một số con cái và con non. Những con chuột đực này tôn trọng lãnh thổ của nhau và thường chỉ xâm nhập lãnh thổ của khác khi nơi đó bị bỏ trống. Nếu có hai con đực hoặc nhiều hơn được nhốt chung trong một cái lồng, chúng sẽ thường xuyên gây lộn, trừ khi chúng được nuôi cùng nhau từ nhỏ.

Chuột nhà là loài ăn tạp nhưng chủ yếu ăn thực vật. Chúng ăn cả phân của mình để hấp thu chất dinh dưỡng được do các vi khuẩn trong ruột chúng sinh ra. Giống như hầu hết các động vật gặm nhấm khác, chuột nhà không bị nôn mửa.

Mèo diệt chuột
Mèo diệt chuột

Giác quan và giao tiếp

Thị giác

Vì là động vật chủ yếu sống về đêm, chuột nhà có ít hoặc không có khả năng nhận biết màu sắc. Bộ máy thị giác của loài chuột này về cơ bản là tương tự như con người. Vùng “bụng” của võng mạc chuột có mật độ tế bào hình nón nhạy cảm tia cực tím (UV) cao hơn nhiều so với các khu vực khác của võng mạc, mặc dù ý nghĩa sinh học của cấu trúc này chưa được biết rõ.

Thính giác

Chuột có thể nghe được với dải tần số rộng. Chúng có thể cảm nhận âm thanh ở tần số từ 80 Hz đến 100 kHz (tức là trong dải siêu âm), nhưng nhạy cảm nhất trong phạm vi 15–20 kHz và khoảng 50 kHz. Chúng giao tiếp bằng tiếng kêu chít chít trong dải âm thanh mà con người cảm nhận được (đối với cảnh báo từ xa) và trong dải siêu âm (khi giao tiếp gần)

Khứu giác

Chuột nhà cũng sử dụng các pheromone làm tín hiệu giao tiếp trong xã hội. Nước mắt và nước tiểu của chuột đực cũng có chứa pheromone. Chuột phát hiện pheromone chủ yếu nhờ xương lá mía nằm ​​ở phía dưới mũi.

Nước tiểu của chuột nhà, đặc biệt là chuột đực, có mùi mạnh và đặc trưng. Trong nước tiểu chuột, người ta phát hiện được ít nhất mười hợp chất khác nhau như alkan, alcohol…

Mùi của những con đực trưởng thành hoặc từ con cái mang thai hoặc cho con bú có thể làm tăng tốc độ hoặc làm chậm sự trưởng thành sinh dục ở con cái vị thành niên và đồng bộ hóa chu kỳ sinh sản ở con cái trưởng thành (được gọi là hiệu ứng Whitten). Mùi của những con chuột đực lạ có thể chấm dứt thai kỳ, đây là hiệu ứng Bruce

Xúc giác

Chuột nhà có thể dùng râu để cảm nhận bề mặt và chuyển động không khí, chúng cũng dùng râu để sử dụng trong quá trình hướng động tiếp xúc. Những con chuột nhà bị mù bẩm sinh có râu mép rất phát triển.

 

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